Quarterly Outlook
Macro Outlook: The US rate cut cycle has begun
Peter Garnry
Chief Investment Strategist
The Fed started the US rate cut cycle in Q3 and in this macro outlook we will explore how the rate c...
Grains dip, cocoa soars, gold and oil see rays of strength: February’s commodity mix
Ole Hansen
Head of Commodity Strategy
Summary: Commodities saw a broad albeit moderate decline last month, led by grains hitting a three-year low while cocoa surged by one-third, its largest monthly gain in 22 years, due to a deepening supply crisis in West Africa. EU natural gas and ECX emission contracts also saw significant losses driven by mild weather and the power network's rapid move towards cleaner input sources reducing demand for carbon permits. Gold and silver await clarity on US rate cuts, while continuing to show resilience against rising Treasury yields and a stronger dollar. Crude oil remains rangebound despite some emerging underlying strength, with traders focusing on OPEC+ meeting and Middle East tensions.
Commodities suffered a broad albeit moderate setback last month with all sectors trading lower, primarily led by a third monthly decline in grains after the sector hit a three-year low amid ample supply, in the process driving the speculative short position to a record high. Overall, the Bloomberg Commodity Total Return index (BCOM), which tracks a basket of 24 major commodity futures almost evenly split between energy, metals, and agriculture, traded 1.5% lower, a fourth monthly decline.
The table below shows the performance across several commodity futures, some of which are not members of the BCOM index. Examples include cocoa which surged higher by one-third, recording its biggest monthly gain in 22 years, as the supply crisis in West Africa continued to cause havoc across the chocolate industry. At the bottom of the table, we find EU natural gas suffering further losses amid ample supply and mild end-of-winter weather, and partly linked to that, the ECX emission contract which slumped near to a three-year low – and more than halving from last year’s peak. Staying with the energy theme, it’s worth noting that without the notoriously volatile US natural gas contract, which slumped to a near four-year low, the BCOM index loss would have been less than one percent with crude oil and fuel products all trading higher amid emerging signs of underlying strength
Elsewhere, it was a relatively quiet month across the metals space with industrial and precious metals both suffering small declines, a relatively decent performance during a month where China economic data continued to disappoint while US Treasury yields shot higher after US data strength further delayed the expected timing of the first and depth of subsequent US rate cuts.
EU emissions and green transformation industry continue to suffer
Wall Street reached new record highs last month and, not surprisingly given the current AI hype and focus on defence, Saxo’s equity theme baskets show strong year-to-date gains for defence and semiconductors, followed by mega caps and cybersecurity. At the bottom of the table, we find four baskets that include companies involved with commodities and the green transformation.
During the past year, with surging funding costs and the recent prospect of rates not being reduced at the same pace as previously thought, the capital-intensive industries involved with developing solutions within the green transformation, renewable energy, and energy storage have all suffered steep declines. Besides high funding costs, these industries have also suffered from a steep decline in natural gas prices which have raised the relative cost of developing alternative solutions.
Saxo's equity themes, and the underlying stocks in the mentioned themes can be found here for defence, semiconductors, commodities, green transformation, renewable energy and energy storage
Related to this, another market that has suffered steep declines in recent months has been the cost of buying carbon offsets in Europe with the ECX emission contract at one point slumping to near EUR 50 per tons, down from EUR 105 this time last year. The collapse in the cost for paying to pollute has partly been driven by the fact that the European power network is cleaning up so fast it's destroying demand for carbon permits. The massive rollout of solar and wind farms across the EU during the past couple of years, and the recovery in nuclear power generation in France combined with lower industrial activity topped up with a mild winter all driving natural gas prices sharply lower have reduced demand for higher polluting coal.
The energy transformation and focus on combating harmful emissions had, up until last year, supported sharply higher emission prices and with that driven a speculative long bubble with traders/speculators believing it could only go up. Having almost halved in value during the past year, that speculative bubble has burst, thereby reducing the selling pressure. Overall, however, the prospect for a recovery depends on economic activity and whether we see a revival among the heavy energy-consuming industries that were hurt during last year’s gas price surge. With the market for emission allowances set to tighten significantly later this decade – as more industry groups will have to buy permissions – a floor will eventually be found, but whether that floor is above EUR 50 remains to be seen and will, among other factors, depend on whether Europe can avoid a prolonged economic slowdown.
Speculators no longer to blame for ongoing cocoa surge
Cocoa futures extended their parabolic surge last month, rising more than one-third to record the biggest monthly jump in 22 years. The rally which gathered momentum late last year has seen the futures price in New York surge to a record high above USD 6000 per ton, around 2.5 times higher than the five-year average seen prior to 2023. This was driven by a worse-than-expected deficit in 2023-24 – the third in a row – due to adverse developments in West Africa, the world’s top producing region, accounting for around 75% of global production. Heavy rains earlier in the season hurt crops and spread disease before ageing trees had to contend with heat and dryness. All these developments contributed to lowering output and with small-lot farmers not reaping the economic award, they will continue to struggle affording much needed but expensive pesticides and fertilizers to combat diseases while maintaining production from ageing trees.
Arrivals of bags from cocoa farmers to ports in Ivory Coast, the number one shipper, are currently down around one-third on last year, and with the mid-season crop after March now also looking challenged, it has raised concerns about the availability of cocoa to meet already agreed sales obligations, potentially leaving some of the major chocolate producers short changed, forcing them to enter the futures market to secure supplies, inadvertently turning into buyers of futures instead of normal selling (hedging) activity. Looking at the weekly Commitment of Traders data, we find that producers are increasingly the main buyers as they cut short positions while hedge funds have been net sellers for several weeks, in the process cutting their net long to an 11-month low.
Gold’s coiled spring behaviour
We maintain a bullish outlook for gold and silver, but as we have highlighted on several occasions in recent months, both metals are likely to push significantly higher until we get a better understanding about the delivery of future US rate cuts. Until the first cut is delivered, the market may at times run ahead of itself, in the process building up rate cut expectations to levels that leave prices vulnerable to a correction. With that in mind, the short-term direction of gold and silver will continue to be dictated by incoming economic data and their impact on the dollar, yields and not least rate cut expectations.
One key focus remains the short-term rates market which has gone from pricing in more than six 25 basis points US rate cuts this year to less than four, while bets on the timing of the first cut have moved out to June, potentially leaving a very narrow window available for the remainder of these cuts. This assumes that the FOMC is unlikely to cut rates near the November US Presidential election in order to avoid being accused of showing favouritism towards the incumbent president.
That said, gold managed to put up a very strong defence last month against a stronger dollar and surging Treasury yields, especially the 2-year yield which surged higher by more than 40 basis points to 4.62%, thereby once again lifting the opportunity cost of holding a non-coupon paying position in gold. Overall, the metal ended the month with a small loss and ahead of Thursday’s long-awaited US PCE core deflator print, the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge, gold had behaved like a coiled spring, wanting to trade higher despite yield headwinds, but held back by worries about an inflation surprise. However, with the number in line with expectations, the yellow metal moved higher thereby moving closer to the February high at USD 2065 per ounce.
Crude oil stuck in neutral despite underlying strength
The WTI and Brent crude futures contracts continue to trade within relatively narrow ranges, with WTI between USD 76 and 80, and Brent between USD 81 and 84, with the technical-driven trade the focus at a time when the fundamental drivers have struggled to dictate the direction of prices.
Overall, we maintain the view that Brent and WTI will likely remain rangebound, respectively around USD 80 and USD 75 per barrel during the first quarter and next, but with disruption risks in the Middle East and OPEC+ production restraint potentially leaving the risk/reward skewed to the upside. In the short term, the market will be focusing on WTI and whether traders will be successful in pushing the price through resistance just below USD 80, a level that was unsuccessfully challenged last week. Brent, meanwhile, has got more work to do before potentially attempting a breakout, with the level to watch for that to happen being somewhat higher at USD 85.
Some underlying fundamental strength has emerged this past month with widening price differences between monthly contracts indicating a more robust outlook across parts of the physical market. In the short term, the focus remains on the Red Sea where Houthi attacks continue and next week’s OPEC+ meeting which is expected to yield an extension beyond March of the current agreement to keep production curtailed.
Commodity articles:
29 Feb 2024: Podcast: Why speculative interest is important to understand
28 Feb 2024: Oil price stuck in neutral despite underlying strength
27 Feb 2024: Resilient gold market defies lower rate cut predictions
22 Feb 2024: Copper short squeeze fades ahead of key resistance
21 Feb 2024: Gold's resilience despite recent futures and ETF selling
20 Feb 2024: WTI crude eyes resistance amid improved signals
16 Feb 2024: Commodity weekly: Grains tumble; Industrial metals eye China boost
15 Feb 2024: US rate cut delay drives gold below $2000
13 Feb 2024: Video: What is driving Cocoa's sweet price
9 Feb 2024: Commodity weekly: Refined product strength lifts crude
9 Feb 2024: Podcast: Year of the metals
7 Feb 2024: Crude oil supported by tightening fuel outlook
6 Feb 2024: Gold and silver turn defensive on reduced Fed rate-cut optimism
2 Feb 2024: Commodity weekly: Tight supply adds fuel to uranium and cocoa rally
1 Feb 2024: Commodities: January performance and ETF flows
30 Jan 2024: Gold and silver look to FOMC for direction
29 Jan 2024: Video: Unpacking the reasons behind soaring coffee prices
26 Jan 2024: Commodity weekly: Back in black supported by China stimulus
25 Jan 2024: Grains up on short covering; softs supported by tight supply
24 Jan 2024: Disruption risks drive specs into Brent; distorted EIA report up next
23 Jan 2024: Silver and copper in focus after recent declines
19 Jan 2024: Commodity weekly: Middle East, US rates, Bitcoin ETFs & Freight rates
17 Jan 2024: Natural gas focus switch from cold to milder weather ahead
16 Jan 2024: Data dependent precious metals continue their bumpy ride
12 Jan 2024: Commodity Weekly: Geopolitical risks lift crude and gold prices
9 Jan 2024: Q1 Outlook – Year of the metals
5 Jan 2024: Commodity weekly: Bumpy start to 2024
4 Jan 2024: What to watch in crude oil as 2024 gets underway
4 Jan 2024: Podcast: Crude oil and gold in focus as a new year begins
Previous "Commitment of Traders" articles
26 Feb 2024: COT: Record corn short, cocoa surge no longer supported by speculators
19 Feb 2024: COT: US inflation surprise drives broad selling of metals
5 Feb 2024: COT: Speculators chase false crude break; grain short extends further
29 Jan 2024: COT: Squeeze risks after funds sold into rising commodity markets
22 Jan 2024: COT: Commodities short-selling on the rise amid China woes and Fed caution
15 Jan 2024: COT: Grains sector slump continues; Mideast risks lift crude demand
8 Jan 2024: COT: Weakest commodities conviction since 2015
18 Dec 2023:COT: Crude long hits 12-year low ahead of FOMC bounce
11 Dec 2023: COT: An under owned commodity sector raising risk of an upside surprise in 2024
4 Dec 2023: COT: Speculators add further fuel to gold rally
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